Food environment of bus terminals in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region / Ambiente alimentar de terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT PURPOSE To describe and analyze the healthiness of formal and informal food establishments in bus terminals of the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. METHOD An audit was conducted in 156 formal and 127 informal food establishments located in 14 bus terminals of the five most populous cities of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Proportions of types of establishments and means (95%CI) of food availability indicators in formal and informal settings were calculated. For the formal setting, prices, proportions of accepted payment methods, days and hours of operation, and food categories with displayed advertising were described. RESULTS The healthiness of food establishments in bus terminals was low (less than 36%). On average, ultra-processed food subgroups were 250% more available for purchase than fresh or minimally processed food. Purchasing food at these places was convenient because several forms of payment were available, and the opening hours of the establishments followed the peaks of movement. In addition, 73.3% of the advertising referred to ultra-processed drinks, and the cost-benefit of buying ultra-processed food was better than fresh or minimally processed food. CONCLUSION The food environment of bus terminals in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro promotes unhealthy eating. Regulatory public policies should focus on initiatives to limit the wide availability and advertising of ultra-processed food in spaces of great circulation of people.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever e analisar a saudabilidade dos estabelecimentos com venda formal e informal de alimentos em terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS Realizou-se auditoria em 156 estabelecimentos formais e 127 pontos informais de venda de alimentos localizados em 14 terminais rodoviários das cinco cidades mais populosas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Foram calculadas proporções de tipos de estabelecimentos e médias (IC95%) de indicadores de disponibilidade de alimentos nos ambientes formal e informal. Para o ambiente formal, foram descritos preços, proporções das formas de pagamento aceitas, dias e horários de funcionamento e categorias de alimentos com propaganda exposta. RESULTADOS A saudabilidade dos pontos de venda de alimentos nos terminais rodoviários era baixa (inferior a 36%). Em média, estavam disponíveis para compra 250% mais subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocessados do que in natura ou minimamente processados. Adquirir comida nesses locais era conveniente porque diversas formas de pagamento estavam disponíveis e os horários de funcionamento dos estabelecimentos acompanhavam os picos de movimentação. Além disso, 73,3% das propagandas se referiam a bebidas ultraprocessadas e o custo-benefício da compra de alimentos ultraprocessados era melhor que o de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados. CONCLUSÃO O ambiente alimentar dos terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro promove uma alimentação não saudável. Políticas públicas de regulação devem se concentrar em iniciativas que limitem a ampla disponibilidade e publicidade de alimentos ultraprocessados nesses espaços de grande circulação de pessoas.

Rural-urban disparities in fruit and vegetable consumption and cognitive performance in Brazil

Objectives: Rural residents are exposed to many risk factors for poor diet quality, such as low socioeconomic status and food insecurity. However, the differences between urban and rural residents regarding the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with cognitive performance have not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with cognitive performance in urban and rural areas in a nationally representative sample of Brazilian older adults. Methods: The sample included 9,412 adults aged 50 years or older from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros [ELSI]). The association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and cognitive performance was evaluated using linear regression. Results: In 8,158 participants (mean age 61.6 ± 9.3 years, 54% women, 44% White, and 15% from rural areas), the mean frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption was 2.0 ± 1.3 times a day. Higher intake of fruits and vegetables was associated with better memory (β = 0.031, 95%CI 0.014-0.049), verbal fluency (β = 0.030, 95%CI 0.004-0.056), and global cognition (β = 0.035, 95%CI 0.015-0.055) performance in urban, but not rural residents (p for interaction = 0.036). Conclusion: Higher frequency of fruit and vegetable intake was associated with better cognitive performance in urban, but not in rural areas in Brazil.

Acute pesticide poisoning: Comparison of epidemiological characteristics between the rural and urban population

Objective: To analyze the behavior of pesticide poisoning associated with lethality in rural and urban populations in Colombia from 2007 to 2017. Methodology: Retrospective observational study that included a descriptive cross-sectional study and an ecological design that analyzed aggregate measures of morbidity, mortality, and risk attributable to the population in rural and urban areas. In the cross-sectional study, the relative risk was estimated to measure the factors associated with lethality among intoxications using Poisson regression with logarithmic function. For the time series, the trends were established with simple linear regression, and the seasonal decomposition was performed using the multiplicative model. Autocorrelations were tested using the Box-Ljung statistic. Results: Between 2007-2017; 89 490 cases were reported. The Morbidity due to poisoning showed a higher proportion in the rural population 36.03 cases per 100 000; this indicator was three times higher than in urban areas (12.33 cases per 100 000). The mortality rates in rural and urban areas were 1.00 and 0.13 cases per 100 000, respectively. The relative risk of fatality in case of intoxication was associated with the intention of suicide in the rural population Relative Risk (RR): 5.9 (95% CI: 5.0-6.9). Conclusion: A higher proportion of lethality associated with these events occurred in populations living in rural areas and reporting cases of suicidal intent. In addition, morbidity and mortality due to pesticide poisoning had the highest proportion in rural areas and a growing trend over time.

Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento de las intoxicaciones por plaguicidas en poblaciones rurales y urbanas asociadas a la letalidad en Colombia durante 2007-2017. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo que incluyó: un estudio descriptivo transversal y un diseño ecológico que analizó medidas agregadas de morbilidad, mortalidad y riesgo atribuibles a la población en áreas rurales y urbanas. En el estudio transversal se estimó el riesgo relativo para medir los factores asociados a la letalidad entre las intoxicaciones mediante regresión de Poisson con función logarítmica. Para la serie de tiempo, las tendencias se establecieron con regresión lineal simple y la descomposición estacional se realizó mediante el modelo multiplicativo. Las autocorrelaciones se probaron mediante el estadístico Box-Ljung. Resultados: Entre 2007-2017; Se notificaron 89 490 casos. La Morbilidad por intoxicación presentó mayor proporción en la población rural 36,03 casos por 100 000; este indicador fue tres veces mayor que en las áreas urbanas (12,33 casos por 100 000). Las tasas de mortalidad en el área rural y urbana fueron de 1,00 y 0,13 casos por 100 000, respectivamente. El riesgo relativo de fatalidad en caso de intoxicación se asoció con la intención de suicidio en la población rural RR: 5,9 (IC 95%: 5,0-6,9). Conclusión: Una mayor proporción de letalidad asociada a estos eventos ocurrió en poblaciones que viven en áreas rurales y reportan casos de intención suicida. Además, la morbilidad y mortalidad por intoxicación por plaguicidas tuvo la mayor proporción en las zonas rurales y una tendencia creciente en el tiempo.

Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento das intoxicações por agrotóxicos em populações rurais e urbanas associadas à letalidade na Colômbia durante 2007-2017. Metodologia: Estudo observacional retrospectivo que incluiu: estudo transversal descritivo e delineamento ecológico que analisou medidas agregadas de morbidade, mortalidade e risco atribuíveis à população em áreas rurais e urbanas. No estudo transversal, o risco relativo foi estimado para medir os fatores associados à letalidade entre as intoxicações por meio da regressão de Poisson com função logarítmica. Para as séries temporais, as tendências foram estabelecidas com regressão linear simples e a decomposição sazonal foi realizada usando o modelo multiplicativo. As autocorrelações foram testadas usando a estatística Box-Ljung. Resultados: Entre 2007-2017; 89.490 casos foram notificados. A Morbidade por intoxicação apresentou maior proporção na população rural 36,03 casos por 100.000; este indicador foi três vezes superior ao das zonas urbanas (12,33 casos por 100 000). As taxas de mortalidade nas áreas rural e urbana foram de 1,00 e 0,13 casos por 100.000 habitantes, respectivamente. O risco relativo de fatalidade em caso de intoxicação associou-se à intenção de suicídio na população rural RR: 5,9 (IC 95%: 5,0-6,9). Conclusão: Maior proporção de letalidade associada a esses eventos ocorreu em populações residentes em áreas rurais e com relato de casos de intenção suicida. Além disso, a morbimortalidade por intoxicação por agrotóxicos teve maior proporção na zona rural e tendência crescente ao longo do tempo.

Automedicación en salud bucal en Bogotá: estudio etnográfico

Introducción: la automedicación en salud bucal es una práctica censurada por la biomedicina; sin embargo, es una actividad frecuente que sintetiza la interacción de las personas con diferentes modelos de atención a la salud, en donde se materializa la trama estructural y simbólica del campo sanitario. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los saberes y prácticas sobre automedicación salud bucal en Bogotá. Métodos: investigación cualitativa con enfoque etnográfico. Se utilizaron herramientas como observación participante, entrevista etnográfica y diario de campo. Se eligieron siete familias de Bogotá a partir de una muestra tipológica ideal. Resultados: existen barreras de acceso a la atención odontológica que se incrementan a través de mecanismos de segregación que se relacionan con la estructura urbana de la ciudad, barreras que motivan la utilización de diversos medicamentos frente a las dolencias. La boca tiene diversos significados. Se reconoce la caries y sus efectos, y en su prevención se usan sedas, pastas, enjuagues y cepillos, elementos que proceden de la industria farmacéutica. El padecimiento más común es la odontalgia y para tratarla se utilizan principalmente analgésicos de origen farmacéutico. Conclusiones: la automedicación en salud bucal es un proceso consciente que realizan los sujetos desde sus propios razonamientos y recursos, con el propósito de prevenir y atender sus dolencias. Esta práctica se relaciona con las representaciones sociales sobre la boca, con el acceso a los servicios de atención odontológica, y con la disposición y obtención de insumos terapéuticos.

Introduction: self-medication in oral health is a practice censured by biomedicine; however, it is a frequent activity that synthesizes the interaction of people with different models of health care, where the structural and symbolic fabric of the health field materializes. The objective was to understand the knowledge and practices on oral health self-medication in Bogota. Methods: qualitative research with ethnographic approach. Tools such as participant observation, ethnographic interview and field diary were used. Seven families from Bogota were chosen from an ideal typological sample. Results: there are barriers to access to dental care that are increased through segregation mechanisms that are related to the urban structure of the city, barriers that motivate the use of various medications in the face of ailments. The mouth has diverse meanings. Caries and its effects are recognized, and in its prevention silks, pastes, rinses and brushes are used, elements that come from the pharmaceutical industry. The most common ailment is odontalgia, and analgesics of pharmaceutical origin are mainly used to treat it. Conclusions: self-medication in oral health is a conscious process carried out by the subjects from their own reasoning and resources, to prevent and treat their ailments. This practice is related to social representations about the mouth, to access to dental care services, and to the availability and obtaining of therapeutic supplies.

Desigualdades sociales urbano-rurales en la mortalidad por siniestros viales en Colombia, 1998-2019

Introducción: Anualmente se pierden 1,35 millones de vidas por causa de siniestros viales; su ocurrencia se ha relacionado, además de factores comportamentales, con desigualdades sociales. Objetivo: Analizar las desigualdades sociales urbano-rurales en la mortalidad por siniestros viales en Colombia para el periodo 1998-2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio ecológico a partir del análisis de las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas de los grupos poblacionales urbanos y rurales estratificados por sexo. Se hicieron análisis con regresión de Joinpoint y se calcularon medidas de desigualdad simple absoluta y relativa. Resultados: Se registraron 139 323 muertes por siniestros viales, en Colombia la tasa de mortalidad por esta causa se ha venido reduciendo. En contraste con las áreas rurales, en las áreas urbanas esta reducción es más significativa. Existen desigualdades en la mortalidad entre las áreas urbanas y rurales que han venido estrechándose. No obstante, en el caso de hombres y mujeres ha venido incrementándose. Discusión: La reducción de la tasa de mortalidad por siniestros viales sugiere que las intervenciones en seguridad vial han sido efectivas. La mayor mortalidad en hombres puede explicarse a partir de factores comportamentales. Las desigualdades urbano-rurales pueden estar relacionadas con las dinámicas de desarrollo. Conclusiones: Se registra una reducción en la tasa de mortalidad por siniestros viales, la cual es más significativa en áreas urbanas. Existen desigualdades urbano-rurales en la mortalidad por esta causa. Las políticas de seguridad vial deben partir de un enfoque integrador vinculado con otras agendas políticas.

Introduction: Annually, 1,35 million lives are lost due to road accidents; their occurrence has been related, in addition to behavioral factors, to social inequalities. Objective: To analyze urban-rural social inequalities in mortality from traffic accidents in Colombia from 1998-2019. Methods and materials: Ecological study based on the analysis of standardized mortality rates adjusted for age and sex of urban and rural population groups stratified by sex. Joinpoint regression analyses were performed, and absolute and relative simple inequality measures were calculated. Results: There were 139.323 deaths from road accidents; in Colombia mortality rates from this cause has been decreasing. In urban areas, the reduction is more significant than in rural areas. Disparities in mortality between urban and rural areas have been narrowing, however, in the case of men and women, they have been increasing. Discussion: Reducing the mortality rate from road accidents suggests that road safety interventions have been effective. Behavioral factors can explain the higher mortality in men. Urban-rural inequalities can be related to development dynamics. Conclusions: There is a significant reduction in the mortality rate due to road accidents in urban areas. There are urban-rural inequalities in mortality from this cause. Road safety policies must be based on an integrative approach linked to other political agendas.

Clinical characteristics of headaches in an urban Mennonite group in South Brazil / Características clínicas das cefaleias em um grupo menonita urbano do sul do Brasil

Abstract Background Genetic variants play a pathophysiological role in headaches, especially in migraine. The Mennonite group (MG) has been geographically and genetically isolated throughout its history, harboring a distinctive distribution of diseases. Objective To determine the characteristics of headaches in a group with direct Mennonite ancestry contrasting with other urban community members (control group [CG]). Methods Subjects with headaches were asked to complete a questionnaire covering: the type of headache, presence of aura, frequency and duration of attacks, pain location and severity, analgesic consumption, premonitory and postdromic manifestations, Depressive Thoughts Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), General Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Migraine Disability Assessment, and Composite Autonomic System Score. Results We included 103 participants (CG: 45, Mennonite group [MG]: 58). Migraine was the most common headache (CG: 91.1%; MG: 81.0%; p = 0.172), followed by tension-type headache (CG: 8.9%; MG: 15.5%; p = 0.381). Aura was identified by 44.4% and 39.7% in the CG and MG, respectively (p = 0.689). The groups differed only concerning the frequency of retro-orbital pain (CG: 55.6%; MG: 32.8%; p = 0.027), PHQ-9 (CG: median 7, range 0 to 22; MG: median 5, range 0 to 19; p = 0.031) and ESS (CG: median 0, range 0 to 270; MG: median 0, range 0 to 108; p = 0.048) scores. Conclusion There were no major differences in the prevalence and clinical characterization of headaches between the MG and the CG. However, the latter showed more diffuse pain, sleepiness, and depressive symptoms. Specific genetic or epigenetic variants in Mennonite descendants might account for these differences.

Resumo Antecedentes Variantes genéticas desempenham um papel fisiopatológico nas cefaleias, especialmente na migrânea. O grupo menonita (GM) tem estado geográfica e geneticamente isolado ao longo de sua história, abrigando uma distribuição distinta de doenças. Objetivo Determinar as características das cefaleias em um grupo com ascendência menonita direta, comparando-as com as de outros membros da comunidade urbana (grupo controle [GC]). Métodos Participantes com cefaleia foram convidados a preencher um questionário abrangendo: tipo de cefaleia; presença de aura; frequência e duração dos ataques; localização e gravidade da dor; consumo de analgésicos; manifestações premonitórias e posdrômicas; Escala de Pensamentos Depressivos; Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESS); Transtorno de Ansiedade Geral-7 (GAD-7); Questionário de Saúde do Paciente-9 (PHQ-9); Avaliação de Incapacidade da Migrânea (MIDAS) e Escore do Sistema Autônomo Composto (COMPASS-31). Resultados Incluímos 103 participantes (GC: 45, GM: 58). A migrânea foi a cefaleia mais frequente (GC: 91,1%; GM: 81,0%; p = 0,172), seguida pela cefaleia tensional (GC: 8,9%; GM: 15,5%; p = 0,381). Aura foi identificada por 44,4% e 39,7% nos GC e GM, respectivamente (p = 0,689). Os grupos diferiram apenas com relação à frequência de dor retro-orbitária (GC: 55,6%; GM: 32,8%; p = 0,027), PHQ-9 (GC: mediana 7, amplitude 0 a 22; GM: mediana 5, amplitude 0 a 19; p = 0,031) e ESS (GC: mediana 0, amplitude 0 a 270; GM: mediana 0, amplitude 0 a 108; p = 0,048). Conclusão Não houve diferenças significativas na prevalência e caracterização clínica das cefaleias nos GM e GC. Entretanto, o último grupo mostrou mais dor difusa, sonolência e sintomas depressivos. Variantes genéticas ou epigenéticas específicas em descendentes de menonitas podem justificar tais diferenças.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice related to Tuberculosis among Rural and Urban Community of North India

Tuberculosis is known as one of the long-standing and dominating health problems affecting people and the extent further escalates in a developing country like India. A pre-evaluated feedback structured questionnaire was validated and adopted to get their quantitative data from 424 respondents. In the present study urban respondents (60.8%) gave affirmative responses regarding awareness of TB, especially with mobile media as their major source of information, followed by information from healthcare workers. Rural respondents were less expressed and deficient on knowledge of TB transmission and preventive methods. Prevention practices toward TB are claimed to be high in urban population because 79.48% believed that early diagnosis, prompt treatment and avoiding poor hygiene and crowded environment are effective strategies to cease the transmission of TB. Effective preventive and informative strategies should be employed in rural border areas to make up for the knowledge gap found among rural and urban populations in this study.

Utilization of health management services in new urban population and its influence factors / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To investigate the utilization of health management services and its influencing factors among new urban population.Methods:It is a cross-sectional study. From July 2020 to March 2021, a stratified random sampling method was used to extract 1978 new urban population in Jining city, and an anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted using a self-made questionnaire ′Residents Health Questionnaire′. The survey included general demographic characteristics, personal behavior lifestyle and medical care status. The χ2 test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the factors influencing the utilization of health management services by new urban population. Results:The overall utilization of health management services in the new urban population was 47.22%. There were significant differences in utilization of health management services among new urban population with different gender, age, education level, occupation and monthly income. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that female ( OR=1.354, 95% CI: 1.094-1.676), people aged over 60 years ( OR=1.873, 95% CI: 1.413-2.483), people with a mean monthly income over 3 000 yuan ( OR=1.498, 95% CI: 1.123-1.997), people engaged in light manual labor ( OR=1.596, 95% CI: 1.003-2.539), people who exercise regularly( OR=2.400, 95% CI: 2.028-2.841) and people having social basic medical insurance ( OR=2.633, 95% CI: 2.042-3.394) had better utilization of health management projects. People who sat more than 3 hours a day ( OR=0.630, 95% CI: 0.532-0.745) had lower utilization of health management care. Conclusion:The utilization of health management projects in the new urban population is low. Gender, age, monthly income, physical exercise, sedentary time, daily labor intensity and social basic medical insurance status are the main influencing factors.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude & Perception towards COVID-19 Vaccine among the rural and urban population of Navi Mumbai: An Alarming Scenario

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and perception towards COVID-19 vaccination among rural and urban areas. To study and analyze any socio-demographic barriers and economic factors affecting the immunization program. Methodology: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between the urban and rural populations with the help of pre-designed and pre-structured questionnaires. Data were collected from 205 subjects from the urban population with the help of Google form and 242 subjects from the rural population through an interview. Results: 97.1% of the urban population were aware of the Arogya Setu app of which 80% were using it while 87.6% of the rural population were not aware of the Arogya Setu app. 60.3% of the rural population had the perception that the Covid-19 vaccine can be eradicated without the vaccine whereas 77.1% of the urban population had the opposite perception. Conclusion: Most of the urban population had good knowledge about the Covid 19 vaccine with a positive attitude of accepting the vaccine as the most important preventive measure of prevention and control of the Covid 19 pandemic as compared to the rural population.

Prevalence of and risk factors for dynapenic abdominal obesity in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study / Prevalência e fatores de risco para obesidade abdominal dinapênica em idosos residentes na comunidade: um estudo transversal

Abstract This article aims to identify the prevalence of and factors associated with dynapenic abdominal obesity (DAO) in older adults in a city in the northern region of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 382 community-dwelling older adults in Macapa, Amapa, Brazil. Socioeconomic, clinical, and health information were collected using a structured form. DAO was defined as a combination of dynapenia (handgrip strength of < 26 kgf for men and < 16 kgf for women) and abdominal obesity (abdominal circumference > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women). Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using chi-squared tests, Student's t-tests, and a Poisson regression. The prevalence of DAO was 10.73%. In the preliminary bivariate analysis, the variables of age range, marital status, number of diseases, functional disability for basic and instrumental activities of daily living, gait speed, and level of physical activity met the established criterion. The final model indicated that only gait speed was a predictor of DAO in older adults. DAO affects nearly 11% of community-dwelling older adults from northern Brazil; gait speed was a predictor of DAO and could be a useful tool for managing and monitoring this population's health.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à obesidade abdominal dinapênica (OAD) em idosos de uma cidade da região Norte do Brasil. Estudo transversal realizado com 382 idosos comunitários residentes em Macapá, Amapá, Brasil. As informações socioeconômicas, clínicas e de saúde foram coletadas por meio de um formulário estruturado. A OAD foi definida pela combinação de dinapenia (força de preensão manual < 26 kgf para homens e < 16 kgf para mulheres) e obesidade abdominal (circunferência abdominal > 102 cm para homens e > 88 cm para mulheres). As análises descritivas e inferenciais foram realizadas utilizando os testes qui-quadrado, t de Student e regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de OAD foi de 10,73%. Na análise bivariada preliminar, as variáveis faixa etária, estado conjugal, número de doenças, incapacidade funcional para atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária, velocidade da marcha e nível de atividade física atenderam ao critério estabelecido. O modelo final indicou que apenas a velocidade da marcha foi um preditor para a OAD em idosos. A OAD afeta quase 11% dos idosos residentes nessa comunidade do Norte do Brasil; e a velocidade de marcha é um preditor que pode ser uma ferramenta útil para gerenciar e monitorar a saúde desta população.

Preliminary observations of the urbanization and domiciliation of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Rio Branco, Acre, Western Amazon

ABSTRACT Background: The American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is expanding in peri-urban environments. Methods: An entomological survey was conducted in the area of the occurrence of an autochthonous urban case of ACL. Sandflies and a parasitological slide of the human case were submitted for molecular diagnosis. Results: Nyssomyia whitmani and Ny. antunesi were the most frequently collected species. Ny. whitmani and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata were positive for Leishmania guyanensis and L. lainsoni, respectively. The human case tested positive for L. lainsoni. Conclusions: Sandflies and Leishmania parasites present in urban forest may occur frequently in nearby domiciliary environments; thus, these areas must be monitored.

Mecanismos de evaluaciones realistas en intervenciones de atención primaria en salud en poblaciones rurales y urbanas marginales / Realistic evaluation mechanisms in primary health care interventions in rural and marginal urban populations / Mecanismos de avaliação realistas em intervenções de atenção primária à saúde em populações rurais e urbanas periféricas

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar los mecanismos reportados en intervenciones de atención primaria en salud (APS) en poblaciones rurales y urbanas marginales entre los años 1997 y 2019. Métodos. Se utilizó el método de revisión sistemática exploratoria para identificar la literatura. La búsqueda de literatura fue realizada en las bases de datos Medline (Pubmed y Ovid), Global health, Embase, Web of science, Scopus y Lilacs. La inclusión de literatura consideró estudios de intervención primaria, observacionales con metodologías cualitativas, cuantitativas o mixtas. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés, portugués y español publicados entre 1997 y 2019. Para la selección de documentos definitivos se utilizó Rayyan QCRI, se excluyeron fuentes de información de literatura gris o investigación en progreso. Resultados. A nivel individual se identificaron tres grupos de mecanismos: niveles de relaciones entre las intervenciones y los sujetos, transformaciones que pueden generar en los individuos y las relaciones recíprocas. A nivel institucional se relacionaron con la temporalidad, el dinero, relaciones de poder, relaciones de confianza, el sistema de salud, las expectativas y las condiciones administrativas. Conclusiones. Los mecanismos individuales son similares en los diferentes contextos, los mecanismos institucionales son susceptibles a la variación del contexto, se representan en la temporalidad, recursos económicos, relaciones de poder y de confianza, el sistema de salud, las expectativas y condiciones administrativas.

ABSTRACT Objective. Identify mechanisms reported in primary health care (PHC) interventions in rural and marginal urban populations from 1997 to 2019. Methods. A scoping review was used to identify the literature. The literature search was conducted using the Medline (PubMed and Ovid), Global Health, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Lilacs databases. Inclusion criteria considered literature on primary intervention and observational studies using qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Articles in English, Portuguese, and Spanish published from 1997 to 2019 were included. Rayyan QCRI was used for definitive document selection; sources of information from gray literature or research in progress were excluded. Results. At the individual level, three groups of mechanisms were identified: levels of relationships between interventions and subjects, transformations that can occur in individuals, and reciprocal relationships. At the institutional level, mechanisms were related to temporality, money, power relations, trust relations, the health system, expectations, and administrative conditions. Conclusions. Individual mechanisms are similar in different contexts. Institutional mechanisms are susceptible to variations in context and are expressed in terms of temporality, economic resources, power and trust relations, the health system, expectations, and administrative conditions.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar os mecanismos relatados nas intervenções de atenção primária à saúde (APS) em populações rurais e urbanas periféricas entre 1997 e 2019. Métodos. Foi utilizado o método de revisão sistemática exploratória para identificar a literatura. A busca bibliográfica foi feita nas bases de dados Medline (Pubmed e Ovid), Global Health, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus e Lilacs. A inclusão da literatura considerou estudos de intervenção primária, observacionais, com metodologias qualitativas, quantitativas ou mistas. Foram incluídos artigos em inglês, português e espanhol publicados entre 1997 e 2019. Para a seleção dos documentos definitivos foi utilizado o Rayyan QCRI e foram excluídas fontes de informação da literatura cinzenta ou de pesquisas em andamento. Resultados. No nível individual, foram identificados três grupos de mecanismos: níveis de relações entre as intervenções e os sujeitos, transformações que podem ocorrer nos indivíduos e relações recíprocas. No nível institucional, se relacionaram a temporalidade, dinheiro, relações de poder, relações de confiança, sistema de saúde, expectativas e condições administrativas. Conclusões. Os mecanismos individuais são semelhantes nos diferentes contextos. Os mecanismos institucionais são suscetíveis à variação do contexto e estão representados na temporalidade, nos recursos econômicos, nas relações de poder e confiança, no sistema de saúde, nas expectativas e nas condições administrativas.

Asociación entre la procedencia del área urbana o rural y el desarrollo de trastornos del espectro depresivo: una experiencia desde la telepsiquiatría / Association between urban/rural background and the development of depressive spectrum disorders: an experience from telepsychiatry

RESUMEN Introducción: una de las estrategias que se consideraron a la hora de hacer frente a los problemas de salud mental durante la pandemia de COVID-19 fue la utilización de la telepsiquiatría. Objetivo: determinar si la procedencia urbana o rural se asocia al desarrollo de trastornos depresivos en pacientes que consultan a través de telepsiquiatría en un Hospital de referencia de Paraguay. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo de asociación cruzada, de corte transversal. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico, de casos consecutivos. Se utilizaron fichas electrónicas de pacientes tratados en el Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción entre marzo y junio de 2021. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva para todas las variables. Para la comparación de grupos con variables cualitativas nominales se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado, calculando el odds ratio según sexo y área de residencia, considerando una p˂0,05 como significativa. Se utilizó, además, la prueba T de Student para comparar una variable nominal con una variable cuantitativa. Resultados: se analizaron 907 fichas clínicas, encontrándose 92 pacientes con trastornos del espectro depresivo. Al analizar la asociación entre el ambiente rural y urbano con la presencia de un episodio depresivo, se encontró una asociación significativa entre el ambiente rural y el diagnóstico de un trastorno depresivo (OR=7,81, χ2=63,33, p<0,001). Conclusión: nuestros resultados no condicen con estudios previos relacionados al tema. Esto podría deberse, al menos en parte, al impacto que las condiciones sociales y económicas tienen en el desarrollo de trastornos mentales, como la depresión.

ABSTRACT Introduction: one of the strategies considered when dealing with mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic was the use of telepsychiatry. Objective: to determine whether urban or rural origin is associated with the development of depressive disorders in patients consulting through telepsychiatry in a referral hospital in Paraguay. Methodology: observational, descriptive of cross-association, and cross-sectional study. A non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was carried out. Electronic records of patients treated at the Psychiatry Service of the "Hospital de Clínicas" of the "Universidad Nacional de Asunción" between March and June 2021 were used. Descriptive statistics were applied for all variables. For the comparison of groups with nominal qualitative variables, the Chi-square test was used, calculating the odds ratio according to sex and area of residence, considering a p˂0.05 as significant. Student's t-test was also used to compare a nominal variable with a quantitative variable. Results: 907 clinical records were analyzed, finding 92 patients with depressive spectrum disorders. When analyzing the association between rural and urban environment with the presence of a depressive episode, a significant association was found between rural environment and the diagnosis of a depressive disorder (OR=7.81, χ2=63.33, p<0.001). Conclusion: our results do not agree with previous studies related to the subject. This could be due, at least in part, to the impact that social and economic conditions have on the development of mental disorders, such as depression.

Cuidado remoto na APS: experiência do uso do celular em uma equipe de Saúde da Família de área de favela durante a crise da COVID-19 / Remote care in PHC - cell phone use experience in a Family Health team in a slum area during the COVID-19 crisis

A pandemia pelo Sars-CoV2 impôs uma necessidade de reorganização do processo de trabalho das equipes de Saúde da Família, resultando em desafios ao acesso, ao manejo de condições crônicas e ao acompanhamento e monitoramento de pessoas infectadas pelo coronavírus. Este artigo descreve os usos e desafios das tecnologias chamada telefônica e WhatsApp Business em uma equipe de uma Clínica da Família em uma favela do Rio de Janeiro. Pode-se dizer que o uso foi uma experiência importante para conseguir ampliar o acesso e fortalecer vínculo, principalmente a pessoas vivendo com condições crônicas não transmissíveis e de saúde mental no cenário de restrição de acesso imposto pelo contexto da pandemia pelo Sars-CoV2.

The Sars-CoV2 pandemic imposed a need to reorganize the work process of the Family Health teams resulting in challenges to access, management of chronic conditions and monitoring of people infected with the coronavirus. This article describes the uses and challenges of technologies like telephone calls and Whatsapp business in a Family Clinic team in a Rio de Janeiro slum. It's possible to say that this use was an important experience to expand access and strengthen bonds, especially to people living with non-transmissible chronic and mental health conditions in a scenario of restricted access due to the context of the Sars-CoV2 pandemic.

Factores asociados y tamizaje de trastornos alimentarios y de la ingestión de alimentos en población general paraguaya / Associated factors and screening for feeding and eating disorders in Paraguayan general population

RESUMEN Introducción: los trastornos alimentarios y de la ingestión de alimentos están asociados con importantes efectos físicos y morbilidad psicosocial, así como con un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de las personas. Objetivo: determinar la proporción de pacientes con riesgo de padecer algún trastorno alimentario y de la ingestión de alimentos en población general paraguaya. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo de asociación cruzada, de corte transversal y temporalmente prospectivo. Una encuesta en línea fue difundida a nivel nacional a través de redes sociales (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) y aplicaciones de mensajería (Whatsapp, Telegram). Se recabaron datos sociodemográficos y los participantes respondieron la Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q), en búsqueda de trastornos alimentarios. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para todas las variables. Para buscar asociaciones se utilizaron la prueba t de Student y ANOVA, según sea apropiado. Para cuantificar los riesgos se utilizó Odds ratio. Resultados: participaron 375 personas, de las cuales el 70,9 % era del sexo femenino, con edad media de 31 ± 9 años. Se obtuvo una media de 2,09 ± 1,5 puntos en la Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q) y se encontró que 51 participantes tenían indicios de padecer algún tipo de trastorno alimentario. Conclusión: el 13,6 % de los participantes de esta investigación tiene indicios de padecer algún tipo de trastorno alimentario, las mujeres tienen 2,4 veces más chances de padecer un trastorno y existen una serie de factores que están asociados a un mayor riesgo en el desarrollo de algún tipo de trastorno alimentario.

ABSTRACT Introduction: feeding and eating disorders are associated with significant physical effects and psychosocial morbidity, as well as a negative impact on people's quality of life. Objective: to determine the proportion of patients at risk of suffering from a feeding and eating disorder in the general Paraguayan population. Methodology: observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, of cross-association and temporally prospective. An online survey was disseminated nationwide through social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) and messaging applications apps (WhatsApp, Telegram). Sociodemographic data were collected and the participants answered the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q), in search of eating disorders. Descriptive statistics were used for all variables. Student's t test and ANOVA were used to look for associations, as appropriate. Odds ratio was used to quantify the risks. Results: 375 people participated, of which 70,9 % were female, with a mean age of 31 ± 9 years. A mean of 2,09 ± 1.5 points was obtained on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q) and it was found that 51 participants had signs of suffering from some type of eating disorder. Conclusion: 13,6 % of the participants in this research have signs of suffering from some type of eating disorder, women are 2.4 times more likely to suffer from an eating disorder and there are a series of factors that are associated with a greater risk for the development of some type of eating disorder.

Relación densidad y pobreza con casos confirmados por coronavirus en la Región Metropolitana / Density and poverty relationship with confirmed coronavirus cases in the metropolitan region

INTRODUCCIÓN La pandemia por COVID-19 en otros países ha afectado con mayor número de casos y de fallecidos en zonas de mayor densidad y pobreza, sin embargo, este análisis no se ha determinado en la Región Metropolitana (RM) de Chile. OBJETIVO Identificar si existe una relación entre densidad y densidad-pobreza con los casos confirmados de coronavirus en la RM. MÉTODO Se evalúa la asociación entre densidad, pobreza y densidad-pobreza con los casos confirmados mediante odds ratio; tipo y diseño de estudio: observacional, retrospectivo; Población: población de RM, 8.125.072 habitantes; Casos: habitantes de la RM confirmados con coronavirus desde el 03.03.20 hasta el 20.04.20; Controles: habitantes de la RM no confirmados con coronavirus desde el 03.03.20 hasta el 20.04.20; Periodo de tiempo de estudio: 03.03.20 al 20.04.20; Variables: variable dependiente: número de casos confirmados con coronavirus en la RM y población no confirmada con coronavirus; variable independiente 1: densidad poblacional comunas de la región metropolitana, variable independiente 2: índice de pobreza comunas de la RM y variable independiente 3: índice de pobreza y densidad poblacional comunas de la RM; Outcomes: los pacientes confirmados con coronavirus se asocian a las zonas con mayor densidad y con mayor pobreza-densidad; Método que se usó para determinar esta asociación: razón de probabilidad (OR).RESULTADOS La razón entre los casos confirmados y no confirmados con coronavirus en la RM es 1,3 veces mayor en los habitantes que viven en una densidad >5.349 hab/km2 con un IC 95%: 1,2720 -1,4140, p <0,0001 y 1,2 veces mayor en los habitantes que viven en una densidad >11.444 hab/km2 con un IC 95%: 1,1494-1,3019, p <0,0001; la razón entre los casos confirmados y no confirmados con coronavirus en la RM es 1,46 veces mayor en los habitantes que tienen una pobreza <10,41% y viven en una densidad >11.444 hab/km2 con un IC 95%: 1,3137-1,6225, P <0,0001 y 1,58 veces mayor en los habitantes que viven en una densidad >5.349 hab/km2 y tienen una pobreza >10,41% con un IC 95%: 1,3279-1,8825, p<0,0001.CONCLUSIONES En la Región Metropolitana existe una asociación entre el número de casos confirmados con coronavirus con una mayor densidad poblacional y una mayor densidad-pobreza.

INTRODUCTIONThe COVID-19 pandemic in other countries has affected with a greater number of cases and deaths in areas of higher density and poverty, however, this analysis has not been determined in the Metropolitan Region (MR) of Chile .OBJETIVE Identify if there is a relationship between density and density-poverty with confirmed cases of coronavirus in the MR. METHOD The association between density, poverty and density-poverty with the cases confirmed by odds ratio is evaluated; Study type and design: observational, retrospective; Population: population of the MR, 8.125.072 inhabitants; Cases: inhabitants of the MR confirmed with coronavirus from 03.03.20 to 04.20.20; Controls: inhabitants of the MR not confirmed with coronavirus from 03.03.20 to 04.20.20; Study time period: 03/03/20 to 04/20/20; Variables: dependent variable: number of confirmed cases with coronavirus in the MR and unconfirmed population with coronavirus; independent variable 1: population density of municipalities in the metropolitan region, independent variable 2: poverty index of municipalities in the MR and independent variable 3: poverty index and population density of municipalities in the MR; Outcomes: confirmed patients with coronavirus are associated with the areas with the highest density and with the highest poverty-density; Method used to determine this association: probability ratio (OR). RESULTS The ratio between confirmed and unconfirmed cases with coronavirus on MR is 1,3 times higher in inhabitants living at a density >5.349 inhab/km2 with a 95% CI: 1,2720­1,4140, p <0,0001 and 1,2 times higher in the inhabitants living at a density >11.444 inhab/km2 with a 95% CI: 1,1494-1,3019, p <0,0001; the ratio between confirmed and unconfirmed cases with coronavirus on MR is 1,46 times higher in inhabitants who have a poverty <10,41% and live at a density >11,444 inhab/km2 with a 95% CI: 1,3137-1,6225, p <0.0001 and 1,58 times higher in the inhabitants who live in a density >5,349 inhab/km2 and have a poverty >10,41% with a 95% CI: 1,3279-1,8825, p<0.0001.CONCLUSIONS ConclusionsIn the Metropolitan Region there is an association between the number of confirmed cases with coronavirus with a higher population density and a higher poverty-density.

Functional limitation on elderly people in the northeast and the feminization of eld in urban and rural areas of Brazil

Population aging in Brazil increases on a large scale due to declining fertility and mortality. This phenomenon can be influenced by several factors (demographic, biological and social), making them determinants for the health conditions of the elderly populations residing in different geographic areas. The present study aims to identify the functional limitation in elderlyresidents of urban and rural areas of Brazil. This is a descriptive epidemiological study with a quantitative approach. It was evidenced that the functional limitation for activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living are concentrated in the northeast region, mainly in the urban area. The following states presented the highest proportions of daily life activity limitation in urban areas: Alagoas (11.60%), Rio Grande do Norte (10.95%), Pernambuco (10.36%) and Paraíba (9.62%). For activities of daily living in the rural area were found in the states of Paraíba (12.19%), Maranhão (8.93%), Piauí (8.85%) and then Pernambuco (7.24%). Data from the functional limitation for instrumental activities of daily living again highlighted the Northeast region, with the states of Rio Grande do Norte (26.01%), Paraíba (25.96%), Maranhão (25.72%) and Alagoas (24.57%). Lastly, it was verified that the elderly woman exhibits greater proportions of functional limitation in relation to the elderly of the masculine sex, standing out again the northeastern region of the country.

Sufrimiento de mujeres en una ocupación urbana de São Paulo, Brasil: un desafío para el trabajo en atención primaria de la salud / The suffering of women living in an informal settlement in São Paulo, Brazil: a challenge to the work of Primary Health Care

RESUMEN Entre los efectos sociales de la pandemia de COVID-19, el aumento de la pobreza, el desempleo y la desigualdad social en el país agravaron los problemas de salud, principalmente, de la población más pobre. Esta investigación buscó discutir potencialidades y limitaciones del proceso de trabajo en atención primaria de la salud, basado en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar. Para ello, entre enero y febrero de 2020, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a cuatro mujeres residentes de una ocupación urbana del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se encontró que presentan sufrimiento relacionado con la precariedad de las viviendas, la provisoriedad, el aislamiento social y el silenciamiento. El modo en que se organiza la atención primaria de la salud y el proceso de trabajo de las y los profesionales dificulta tanto el acceso de una parte de la población a los servicios de salud, como la percepción de las y los profesionales sobre el sufrimiento de la población. Los resultados de la investigación indican la necesidad de una nueva evaluación y perfeccionamiento de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar.

ABSTRACT Among the social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, increased poverty, unemployment, and social inequality in Brazil have led to worsening health problems, especially in the poorest citizens. The purpose of this research was to discuss the potentialities and limitations of the work process in primary health care based on the Family Health Strategy. In order to do so, we conducted semi-structured interviews with four women living in an informal settlement in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between January and February 2020. We found that the women experienced suffering in relation to issues such as housing precariousness, transience, social isolation, and silencing. The way in which primary health care is organized and professionals' work processes make it difficult for this population to access health services and for professionals to perceive their suffering. The findings of this research point to the need to reevaluate and improve the Family Health Strategy.

Caring ability of urban and rural family caregivers: association with overburden, stress and coping / Habilidad de cuidadores familiares urbanos y rurales: relación con la sobrecarga, el estrés y el afrontamiento (coping) / Habilidade de cuidado de cuidadores familiares urbanos e rurais: relação com a sobrecarga, estresse e coping

ABSTRACT Objective: To correlate caring ability with overburden, stress and coping of urban and rural family caregivers of patients undergoing cancer treatment. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out in a referral hospital for cancer treatment, with urban and rural caregivers who responded the following instruments: questionnaire of sociodemographic characterization of the caregiver and the care provided, Perceived Stress scale, Burden Interview scale and Brief COPE. Pearson's correlation test was used for statistical analysis, with a significance level ≤5%. Results: A total of 163 urban caregivers and 59 rural caregivers participated in the study. Between the caring ability and stress, a negative and moderate correlation was found in rural caregivers. In the relationship between the caring ability and the overburden, there was a statistically significant correlation in urban caregivers in the interpersonal relationship and perception of self-efficacy factor. Between coping and the caring ability, a positive and moderate correlation was identified in coping focused on the problem in the knowledge dimension in urban caregivers. Conclusion: Urban caregivers had greater intensity of overburden and coping focused on the problem in relation to the caring ability.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Correlacionar la habilidad del cuidado con la sobrecarga, el estrés y el afrontamiento (coping ) de familiares urbanos y rurales cuidadores de pacientes en tratamiento oncológico. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado en un hospital referencia en tratamiento oncológico, con cuidadores de los medios urbano y rural que respondieron a los instrumentos: cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica del cuidador y de la atención prestada, escala de Estrés Percibido, escala de Entrevista de Carga y COPE 28. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de Correlación de Pearson, con nivel de significación ≤5%. Resultados: Participaron 163 cuidadores urbanos y 59 cuidadores rurales. Entre la capacidad del cuidado y el estrés, se constató una correlación negativa y moderada en los cuidadores rurales. En la relación de la habilidad del cuidado y la sobrecarga, se comprobó una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre los cuidadores urbanos en el factor de la relación interpersonal y en la percepción de la autoeficacia. Entre el afrontamiento y la habilidad del cuidado, se identificó una correlación positiva y moderada en el afrontamiento, centrado en el problema de la dimensión de conocimientos de los cuidadores urbanos. Conclusión: Los cuidadores urbanos presentaron una mayor intensidad de sobrecarga y coping enfocado en el problema de la relación con la capacidad del cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Correlacionar a habilidade de cuidado com a sobrecarga, o estresse e o coping de cuidadores familiares urbanos e rurais de pacientes em tratamento oncológico. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado em um hospital de referência no tratamento oncológico, com cuidadores do contexto urbano e rural que responderam aos instrumentos: questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica do cuidador e do cuidado prestado, escala de Estresse Percebido, escala Burden Interview e COPE Breve. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste de Correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância ≤5%. Resultados: Participaram 163 cuidadores urbanos e 59 cuidadores rurais. Entre a habilidade de cuidado e o estresse, constatou-se correlação negativa e moderada nos cuidadores rurais. Na relação da habilidade de cuidado e a sobrecarga, verificou-se correlação estatisticamente significativa nos cuidadores urbanos no fator relação interpessoal e percepção de autoeficácia. Entre o coping e a habilidade de cuidado, identificou-se correlação positiva e moderada no coping focado no problema na dimensão conhecimento nos cuidadores urbanos. Conclusão: Cuidadores urbanos apresentaram maior intensidade de sobrecarga e coping focado no problema na relação com a habilidade de cuidado.

Consumo de frutas y vegetales en la población urbana costarricense: Resultados del Estudio Latino Americano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS)-Costa Rica / Fruits and vegetables intake among Costa Rican urban population: results from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health: ELANS-Costa Rica

Resumen: Introducción: El consumo suficiente de frutas y vegetales ha sido ampliamente asociado con diversos beneficios para la salud, entre ellos, el actuar como factor protector contra el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, cáncer y enfermedades mentales. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda un consumo diario de 400 gramos entre frutas y vegetales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la caracterización del consumo de frutas y vegetales, según variables sociodemográficas en la población costarricense y el cumplimiento de la recomendación de la OMS. Metodología: Los datos se obtuvieron del Estudio Latino Americano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS)-Costa Rica. Se reclutaron 798 sujetos de 15 a 65 años, residentes en zonas urbanas del país, y se evaluó el consumo de alimentos mediante dos recordatorios de 24 horas. El consumo de frutas y vegetales se analizó según el sexo, el grupo de edad y el nivel socioeconómico. Resultados: Se encontró un consumo promedio de frutas y vegetales de 220g/d/p; el cual incrementó con la edad (p=0.035 entre el grupo de 15 a 19 años y el grupo de 50 a 65 años) y con el nivel socioeconómico (p=0.004 entre el NSE bajo y medio). Sin asociación con el sexo y al nivel educativo (p>0.05). Solamente el 12.0 % de la población urbana costarricense cumple con la recomendación de la OMS. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos ponen en evidencia la necesidad de la implementación de programas e intervenciones adaptados a las características y preferencias de la población costarricense para la promoción del aumento en el consumo de frutas y vegetales. Es necesario extender estos estudios a la población rural de Costa Rica, pues el consumo y los factores asociados a este, podría ser diferente entre regiones.

Abstract: Introduction: Consumption of fruit and vegetables has been widely associated with different health benefits such as protection against non-transmissible chronic diseases, cancer and mental disorders. Due to these benefits, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends daily consumption of 400 grams of fruit and vegetables. This study is aimed at characterize fruit and vegetable consumption according to socioeconomic variables, among the Costa Rican population and the degree to which this meets the WHO recommended intake. Methods: Data were obtained from the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study (ELANS)-Costa Rica. 798 subjects aged 15-65 years, living in urban areas were interviewed and their food consumption assessed by two 24-hour Recalls. Fruit and vegetable consumption were analyzed by gender, age group and socioeconomic status. Results: Average daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was 220g/p/d and increased with age (p=0.035 between with 15-19 and 50-65 years old) and socioeconomic status (p=0.004 between low and middle). No association was found with gender or education level (p>0.05). Only 12.0 % of the urban Costa Rican population met the WHO recommendation. Conclusions: The results provide evidence for the need for programs and interventions adapted to the characteristics and preferences of the Costa Rican population, to promote an increase of the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Similar studies are needed in the rural areas of Costa Rica as food habits and factors associated with them may differ